Intshayelelo kwiDayimani kunye namathemba okusetyenziswa kwayo
I. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zeDayimani
Idayimani yenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu kwindalo. Yenziwe yikhabhoni kwisakhiwo sekristale yetyhubhu. Ukwenziwa kwedayimani yendalo kufuna amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iindawo zokugcina ezincinci kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokumba. Ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi netekhnoloji, ukwenziwa kweedayimani zokwenziwa kuye kwakhula kancinci kancinci, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni ngokubanzi kwedayimani kunye nomgubo wayo omncinci kushishino.
Kwimbali yophando lwabantu ngezinto eziqinileyo, idayimani ayisiyominerali exabisekileyo kwi-gemology kuphela kodwa ikwayimveliso ebalulekileyo kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje. Ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezikhethekileyo zokuqina, ukuqhuba ubushushu, kunye neempawu zokukhanya, idayimani yaziwa ngokuba "lizinyo lemizi-mveliso" kunye "nokumkani wezinto."
II. Ukulungiswa kunye noHlelo lweDayimani
1. Idayimani Yendalo
Iidayimani zendalozifumaneka kakhulu kwi-kimberlite kunye ne-lamprophyre deposits. Ukusasazwa kwazo kwihlabathi liphela kuncinci, uMzantsi Afrika, iRashiya, neBotswana zezona ndawo zivelisa kakhulu. Uninzi lweedayimani zendalo zisetyenziswa kwizacholo, kwaye inxalenye encinci kuphela, ngenxa yomgangatho wazo ophantsi, isetyenziselwa iinjongo zoshishino.
2. Iidayimani zokwenziwa
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zoshishino zeedayimani, kuye kwavela ubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kweedayimani ezenziweyo. Iindlela zokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka:
Ubushushu obuphezulu obuphezulu (HPHT): I-Graphite iguqulwa ibe yidayimani phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Le yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu, efanelekileyo ukuvelisa iikristale zedayimani enye yemizi-mveliso kunye neempuphu ezincinci.
Ukutsalwa komphunga wekhemikhali (i-CVD): Iifilimu zedayimani zigcinwa ngokubola iigesi ze-hydrocarbon phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-elektroniki, kwi-optics, nakwizinto ezintsha.
3. Uhlulo
Iidayimani zingahlulwa ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwimo yazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo:
Iikristale zedayimani ezingatshatanga: Iikristale eziqinileyo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zokusika, ii-wire drawing dies, kunye nee-drill bits.
Umgubo ocolekileyo wedayimani: Wenziwa ngokutyumza okanye ngokwahlula kakuhle iikristale ezi-single, uza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwaye usetyenziselwa kakhulu ukugaya nokupolisha.
Iifilimu ezibhityileyo zedayimani kunye nee-composites: Zenziwe kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-CVD, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuchitheni ubushushu, kwiifestile ze-optical, nakwizixhobo ze-elektroniki.
III. Iimpawu zokusebenza kweDayimani
Isikhundla seDiamond njengenkokeli phakathi kwezinto eziqinileyo sivela kwiimpawu zayo ezibalaseleyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali:
Ubunzima Obuphezulu Kakhulu: Ngobunzima be-Mohs obuyi-10, obuphezulu kunayo nayiphi na into eyaziwayo, inokusebenzisa phantse nayiphi na enye into.
Ukuqhuba Ubushushu Obuphezulu: Ukuqhuba Ubushushu beDayimani kuphezulu kakhulu kunokobhedu nesilivere, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokusasaza ubushushu, efanelekile ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinamandla aphezulu.
Uzinzo oluqinileyo lweekhemikhali: Idayimani ayibonakalisi mpendulo xa idibene nee-asidi kunye nee-alkali kubushushu begumbi kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala.
Iimpawu eziBalaseleyo zokukhanya: Isalathisi sayo esiphezulu sokuqaqamba kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okugqwesileyo kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ze-infrared, ultraviolet, kunye nokukhanya okubonakalayo.
Iimpawu zoMbane eziLungisekayo: Idayimani yendalo iyi-insulator, kodwa ngokusebenzisa i-doping, ingenziwa ibe yi-semiconductor, ethembisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki.
IV. Usetyenziso lweDayimane
1. Ukucutshungulwa kwemizi-mveliso
Idayimani, njengesixhobo sokurhawuzelela esiqinileyo, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokusika, ukugaya, kunye nokupolisha. Umzekelo:
Iiblade zesarha yedayimani zisetyenziselwa ukusika amatye;
Amavili okugaya edayimani asetyenziselwa umatshini wokulungisa ikhabhayithi, iiseramikhi, kunye neglasi ye-optical;
Umgubo wedayimani omncinciisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-slurry erhabaxa yokupolisha ngokuchanekileyo ii-wafers ze-semiconductor kunye ne-sapphire substrates.
2. IiSemiconductors kunye nee-Elektroniki
Iifilimu zedayimani zeCVD, ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezibalaseleyo zokusasaza ubushushu, zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokusinkisa ubushushu kwiilaser ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nee-elektroniki zamandla. Ngaphezu koko, idayimani exutyiweyo ineempawu ezintle ze-semiconductor kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ezinamaza aphezulu kunye ne-voltage ephezulu.
3. I-Optics kunye noNxibelelwano
Ukucaca kwedayimani kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwayo kuyenza ibe yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kwiifestile zelaser, iilensi zokukhusela i-infrared detector, kunye neelensi ze-precision optical. Kwiinkqubo zelaser ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nezixhobo ze-aerospace optical, izinto zedayimani zinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nobomi.
4. Ezonyango kunye neenqwelo-moya
Izixhobo zokusika iidayimani, ngenxa yokuba zibukhali kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, zisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zonyango ezifana notyando lwamehlo kunye notyando olungenabungozi kangako. Kwi-aerospace, iifilimu zedayimani zinomsebenzi obalulekileyo kwiisensa, iifestile ze-optical, kunye neengubo ezingagugiyo.
5. Intsimi yamandla amatsha
Ngophuhliso lweshishini le-photovoltaic kunye nezixhobo ezintsha zamandla, i-diamond micropowder ifunwa kakhulu kwizicelo ezinje ngokusika i-silicon wafer kunye nokucubungula i-sapphire substrate. Ngaphezu koko, ukuhanjiswa kwayo okuphezulu kobushushu kwenza ukuba ibe luncedo ekulawuleni ukusasazwa kobushushu kwizixhobo zamandla kwizithuthi ezintsha zamandla.
V. Uphuhliso lweShishini kunye neendlela zeMarike
Ukukhula kweMarike okuqhubekayo
Ngokweengxelo zophando lweshishini, ixabiso lemveliso yeshishini ledayimani encinci laseTshayina kulindeleke ukuba lifikelele kwi-2.6 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2025, kunye nesantya sokukhula konyaka esidibeneyo esidlula i-10%. ITshayina ibe ngumvelisi ohamba phambili kwihlabathi kunye nomthengi wedayimani powder, ebalelwa malunga ne-88% yesabelo semarike.
Ukukhawulezisa uBuchule bobuChwepheshe
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ye-CVD luvule amathuba amatsha okusetyenziswa kwefilimu yedayimani encinci kwi-elektroniki nakwi-optics. Kwixesha elizayo, uphuhliso lweefilimu zedayimani ezinkulu nezicocekileyo kakhulu luya kuba yinto ephambili kuphando.
Ukwandisa Iindawo Zokufaka Isicelo
Ngophuhliso lwe-semiconductor, amandla amatsha, kunye namashishini omkhosi, ukusetyenziswa kwedayimani kuye kwanda kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-abrasives zendabuko ukuya kwi-elektroniki, i-aerospace, kunye nemveliso ephezulu, kwaye ixabiso leshishini liyaqhubeka nokunyuka.
Kukho umkhwa ocacileyo wokugxila kwezoshishino.
Iinkampani eziphambili zasekhaya ezifana nePower Diamond, iHuifeng Diamond, kunye neYellow River Cyclone ziseka kancinci kancinci izakhiwo ezinkulu zemveliso, kwaye amaqela emizi-mveliso yengingqi (njengaleyo iseHenan, eAnhui, naseShandong) akhula ngokukhawuleza.
VI. Isishwankathelo
Njengeyona nto inzima kwindalo, ukusetyenziswa kwedayimani kudala kudlule ummandla wamatye anqabileyo, kuba yinto ephambili exhasa ukwenziwa kwemveliso yanamhlanje kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ukusuka ekucutshungulweni kwemizi-mveliso yendabuko ukuya kwi-elektroniki ephucukileyo, i-optics, unyango lwezonyango, kunye namandla amatsha, idayimani ibonisa ixabiso elingenakuthelekiswa nanto.
Kwixesha elizayo, ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwedayimani yokwenziwa kunye neenkqubo zokulungiselela ezicociweyo,izinto zedayimaniziya kwandisa ngakumbi imida yazo yokusetyenziswa kwaye zidlale indima enkulu kwiinkalo eziphambili ezifana nee-semiconductors, i-aerospace, kunye nokhuselo lwesizwe. Kuyabonakala ukuba ishishini ledayimani aliyi kuba yinkqubela phambili enkulu kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo kuphela kodwa likwangumqhubi ophambili wophuhliso lwemveliso ephezulu.