Ukusebenza kwe-Alumina Powder njengeNkxaso yeCatalyst
Xa sithetha ngeshishini leekhemikhali, ingakumbi icandelo le-catalysis, kukho okuninzi okufunekayo. Namhlanje, asizukuthetha ngezo zinto zisebenzayo zesinyithi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezijika ulwimi, kodwa endaweni yoko siza kuthetha ngezo “ziqhawe ezingadunyiswanga” ezidla ngokungakhathalelwa kodwa eziyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo—umgubo we-alumina. Kufana nentsika yeqonga, okanye isiseko sesakhiwo; indlela ezisebenza kakuhle ngayo ezo zinto zisebenzayo, ezo “nkwenkwezi,” ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwindlela elakhiwe ngayo iqonga.
Xa ndandiqala ukungena kweli candelo, ndafumanisa ukuba lingaqhelekanga—kuthenii-aluminangokukodwa? Ivakala ingaqhelekanga, kutheni ke ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kwishishini lokuxhasa iikhatalyst? Kamva, emva kokuchitha ixesha elide nabasebenzi abanamava kwilebhu nakwiworkshop, ndaqonda kancinci kancinci. Ayilokhetho "olulungileyo", kodwa lukhetho "olulungeleleneyo" olufumaneka phakathi kokusebenza, iindleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Oku kufana nokuthenga imoto; asiyidingi eyona ikhawulezayo, kodwa yileyo ilinganisela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwepetroli, indawo, ukuqina, kunye nexabiso. Kwishishini leenkampani, i-alumina ifana naleyo "ibanzi" - ubuthathaka obuncinci kunye namandla abalaseleyo.
Okokuqala, simele sincome umgangatho wayo “wesiponji esineembobo”—indawo enkulu kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukukhula okuphezulu kakhulu.
Le yeyona nto iphambiliumgubo we-alumina. Musa ukuyicinga njengentlama eqinileyo neqinileyo oyisebenzisa ekhaya. Emva kokulungiswa okukhethekileyo, ingaphakathi lesixhobo sokuthwala i-alumina ligcwele ii-micropores kunye nemijelo kwi-nanoscale. Esi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuba "yindawo ephezulu yomphezulu."
Ngokomzekelo, igram enye yomgubo we-alumina okumgangatho ophezulu, ukuba zonke iimbobo zayo zangaphakathi bezikhuliswe ngokupheleleyo, zingafikelela lula kwiimitha zesikwere ezininzi kwindawo engaphezulu—zinkulu kunenkundla yebhasikithi! Khawuthelekelele ukuba zingaphi izinto ezisebenzayo (ezifana neplatinum, i-palladium, kunye ne-nickel) ezinokufakwa “kwindawo enkulu kangaka”! Kufana nokubonelela ngezinto ezisebenzayo “ngendlu yokulala” enkulu kakhulu, enefenitshala entle, ezivumela ukuba zisasazeke ngokulinganayo kwaye ziphephe ukuhlangana, ngaloo ndlela zikhulisa ukuvezwa kwazo kunye nokudibana kwazo nee-reactants. Oku ngokusisiseko kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-catalytic.
Ngaphezu koko, ulwakhiwo lwembobo yale "sponge" lunokwenziwa "ngokwezifiso." Ngokulungisa inkqubo yokulungiselela, sinokulawula ubungakanani, ukusasazwa, kunye nokuma kwembobo zayo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, njengobumba lodongwe. Ezinye iimolekyuli ze-reactant zikhulu kwaye zifuna "iingcango" ezinkulu ukuze zingene; ezinye iimpendulo zikhawuleza kwaye zifuna imbobo emifutshane ukuze zingalahleki kwi-maze. Inkxaso ye-alumina inokuhlangabezana ngokugqibeleleyo nezi "mfuno zobuqu," ukuguquguquka okungenakuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezininzi.
Okwesibini, "isimo sayo esihle" sifanelekile ukukhankanywa—inozinzo oluhle kakhulu lweekhemikhali kunye namandla oomatshini.
Indawo apho kukho ii-catalysts ayikhululekanga kwaphela. Idla ngokuba ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibandakanya ukuvezwa kwiigesi ezirhabaxa. Khawuthelekelele ukuba inkxaso ngokwayo "ibiyinto ethambileyo," idilika kwiintsuku ezimbini kwi-reactor, okanye isabela ngokweekhemikhali kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo kunye nee-reactants - ngaba yonke into ibingayi kuba yingxaki?
Umgubo we-alumina, kule nkalo, “uzinzile” ngendlela emangalisayo. Ugcina isakhiwo sawo sekristale nokuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, umelana nokuwa, kwaye iipropati zawo zeekhemikhali “azithathi cala,” azikwazi ukusabela ngokulula nezinye izinto. Oku kuqinisekisa ubomi obude be-catalyst, okusindisa iifektri ixesha lokungasebenzi kunye neendleko zokutshintsha.
Ngaphezu koko, cinga ngamandla oomatshini. Kwii-reactors zoshishino, ii-catalysts azibekwa nje zizinzile; zihlala zifuna ukumelana nempembelelo yokuhamba komoya, ukungqubana phakathi kwamasuntswana, kwanokuwela ngaphakathi kwebhedi ehambayo. Ukuba amandla awonelanga, aya kuqhekeka abe ngumgubo ngexesha lokuthuthwa, okanye aguquke abe luthuthu kwangoko nje ukuba angene kwi-reactor—yintoni i-catalyst enokuyenza?I-AluminaIzixhasi, emva kokubumba kunye nokugaya, ziphuhlisa amandla aneleyo okumelana nezi "ntlupheko," ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwexesha elide nozinzileyo kwesixhobo sokusabela. Yile nto abasebenzi abanamava abayithethayo xa besithi "le catalyst iqinile."
Ngaphezu koko, ikwanamandla kakhulu—iimpawu zayo zomphezulu zisebenza kakhulu.
Umphezulu we-alumina awugudileyo. Uneendawo ezine-asidi okanye ezisisiseko. Ezi ndawo ngokwazo zinamandla okubangela ukuba kubekho iintshukumo ezithile. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, zinokusebenzisana nesinyithi esisebenzayo esixhaswayo—into esiyibiza ngokuba kukusebenzisana.
Olu nxibelelwano luneengenelo ezininzi. Kwelinye icala, lusebenza “njengeglue,” lubambelela ngokuqinileyo “kwi” amasuntswana esinyithi kwinkxaso, luwathintela ekushukumeni, ekuhlanganeni, nasekukhuleni kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-sintering). Xa i-sintering isenzeka, umsebenzi we-catalytic uyehla kakhulu. Kwelinye icala, ngamanye amaxesha unokutshintsha imeko ye-elektroniki yamasuntswana esinyithi, okwenza asebenze ngcono kwiimpendulo ze-catalytic, afumane isiphumo se-synergistic se-“1+1>2″.
Kakade ke, akukho nto igqibeleleyo. Inkxaso ye-alumina nayo ayinazo iziphene. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu kunye nomphunga wamanzi, inokuthi idlule "kwinguqu yesigaba," itshintshe ukusuka kwi-γ-type esebenzayo kakhulu ukuya kwi-α-type engasebenzi kangako, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuweni kwesakhiwo seembobo kunye nokuncipha okukhulu kwendawo yomphezulu. Oku kufana ne-activated carbon etshiswa ibe yi-graphite; nangona iseyi-carbon, amandla ayo okufunxa ahluke kakhulu. Ke ngoko, abaphandi bebesebenza ukuphucula uzinzo lwayo lobushushu ngokuyixuba nezinye izinto (ezifana ne-silicon kunye ne-zirconium) okanye ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezintsha zokulungiselela ukwandisa amandla ayo kunye nokunciphisa ubuthathaka bayo.
Ngoko ke, uyabona, le mpuphu emhlophe ebonakala iqhelekile iqulethe ulwazi oluninzi. Asikuko ubuchwepheshe obumnyama obungenakulinganiswa, kodwa lolu hlobo lwezinto, oluzama ukulinganisela nokwenza ngcono kuzo zonke iinkcukacha, oluxhasa isiqingatha senkqubo yanamhlanje yokucoca umbane kwimizi-mveliso. Ukususela ekucoceni umsi weemoto ukuya ekuqhekekeni nasekuguquleni ipetroli, kunye nokwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali, umsebenzi ongathethiyo wabathwali be-alumina phantse usoloko ubonakala ngasemva kwemiboniso.
Ayikhazimli njengeentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana neplatinum okanye ipalladium, kwaye ixabiso layo liphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ukuthembeka kwayo, ukuqina kwayo, kunye nokusebenza kwayo kakuhle kwenza ukuba ibe sisiseko esiqinileyo sezicelo ezinkulu zoshishino. Ngexesha elizayo xa usiva ngenkqubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bokutsala, yincome, kuba i-alumina powder, iqhawe elingadunyiswanga emva kweziganeko, lifanelwe yinxalenye enkulu yembeko ngale mpumelelo.