Abavelisi be-alumina emhlophe exutywe kakuhle bayiphucula njani ubulukhuni bemveliso?
Kutheni abathengi bekhetha i-alumina emhlophe exutywe kakuhle? Isizathu esiphambili bubulukhuni bayo obungaqhelekanga—ngobunzima be-Mohs obuyi-9, obulandela idayimani kuphela. Kodwa obu “bulukhuni” buquka ubunzima obukhulu. Kwanaphakathii-alumina emhlophe exutyiweyoIimveliso, umahluko omncinci kwixabiso lobunzima unokubangela ukuba indawo yemarike kunye namaxabiso ahluke kakhulu kwizicelo eziphezulu. Ke ngoko, ukuphucula ubunzima bemveliso akusiyo nje isiqubulo sethu thina bavelisi—bubuchule bokwenyani obufakwe kuyo yonke inyathelo ukusuka kwizinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekusetyenzisweni. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ndikwishishini, ndikholelwa ukuba impumelelo ixhomekeke ekugxileni kakhulu kwezi ndawo zibalulekileyo.
Isango Lokuqala: Izinto Ezingasetyenzwanga—Imithombo Engcolileyo Ikhokelela Kwimizamo Echithwayo
Njengoko intetho isithi, “Nompheki onamava kakhulu akanakupheka isidlo ngaphandle kwerayisi.” “Irayisi” yethuumgubo we-aluminar. Iingxaki ezilapha zigqitha kakhulu umfanekiso omnye wobunyulu.
Ubunyulu sisiseko: Eli linqaku eligugileyo, kodwa kufuneka ligxininiswe. Umxholo we-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) kufuneka ugcinwe ngokungqongqo ngaphezulu kwe-99.5%, okungcono ufikelele kwi-99.7% nangaphezulu. Ukungcola okufana ne-sodium (Na₂O), i-silicon (SiO₂), kunye ne-iron (Fe₂O₃) kufana neekhonkco ezibuthathaka. Kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, benza iinqanaba zeglasi ezinyibilikayo kancinci—njengokongeza amaconsi ambalwa amanzi kwibhloko eqinileyo yomkhenkce, oko kubeka emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo sonke. Ke ngoko, xa uthenga izinto eziluhlaza, umntu kufuneka agcine amehlo ehlutshiwe njengeentsimbi zobhedu. Ibhetshi nganye kufuneka ikhatshwe ziingxelo zovavanyo ezigunyazisiweyo, kwaye umntu kufuneka agcine ileja ecacileyo engqondweni.
Ubuchule besakhiwo sekristale kunye nomsebenzi: Kwanaphakathiiipowder ze-alumina, umahluko phakathi kwe-alumina e-calcined kunye ne-alumina eqhelekileyo yemizi-mveliso ubalulekile. Sithanda "i-alumina e-calcined." Le nto iphantsi kokulungiswa kobushushu obuphezulu okugqiba utshintsho lwayo lwekristale, iqinisekisa uzinzo oluphezulu kunye nokuncipha okulawulwayo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, iikristale zayo zikhula ngokupheleleyo ngee-pores zangaphakathi ezimbalwa. Oku kuyivumela ukuba idibane ngokuqinileyo nangokulinganayo kwizitofu zethu ze-arc, nto leyo ebangela iikristale ze-corundum eziqinileyo ngokwemvelo kwaye ziqine ngakumbi. Musa ukukhohliswa ziipowder ze-alumina zemizi-mveliso ezingabizi kakhulu—ukusebenza kwazo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokwakheka okungahambelaniyo kubangela iikristale ezingalunganga, okwenza ukuba ubunzima bungabi nakuqinisekiswa.
Inqanaba lesibini: Ukunyibilika—Ubushushu obunganelanga bulingana nomzamo ochithwayo
Eli lelona nqanaba libalulekileyo nelifuna ubuchule—ngokuyintloko, indlela “esidlala ngayo ngomlilo.” Nje ukuba isithando sombane sivuthe, yonke into ixhomekeke kwimali yokwenyani kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lokuqina kwemveliso.
Ubushushu “bumphefumlo”: Ukunyibilikisa i-alumina emhlophe exutywe ne-fused kufuna ubushushu obungaphezulu kwama-2000°C. Sekunjalo ukuphakama akusoloko kungcono, kwaye ukugcina ubushushu obungaguqukiyo akwanelanga. Silandela “ukufudumeza okufanayo kobushushu obuphezulu.” Oku kuthetha ukuba igumbi lesithando kufuneka lihlale liqinile, lilingana, livumela i-alumina enyibilikisiweyo ukuba igqibe ngokupheleleyo nangokulinganayo inkqubo yokunyibilikisa kunye ne-crystallization. Ukuba ubushushu buyatshintshatshintsha kakhulu okanye iindawo zasekuhlaleni zihlala zingashushu ngokwaneleyo, “izinto ezinganyibiliki” okanye iindawo ezinganyibiliki ngokupheleleyo ziya kwakheka. Ezi ndawo ziba ziikhonkco ezibuthathaka kubunzima bemveliso. Abaqhubi abanamava banokugweba imeko yesithando ngokuchanekileyo ngokusondeleyo ngokumamela isandi se-arc kunye nokujonga umbala welangatye—konke kusekelwe kumava.
Ubugcisa "bokucoca": Ukunyibilikisa kuphela akwanelanga; ukungcola kufuneka "kususwe." Ngexesha lokunyibilikisa, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zivumela ukungcola okukhaphukhaphu (ngokuyintloko ii-silicates) ukuba kunyuke kumphezulu, kwenze umaleko we-"silica slag" oye ususwe. Oku kwenziwa ngokucokisekileyo, kokukhona isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo siba msulwa. Oku kubangela ukuba i-corundum ibe mhlophe kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ibe lukhuni ngakumbi. Kufana nokubilisa umhluzi ocolekileyo: ukucofa rhoqo umhluzi kuqinisekisa isuphu ecacileyo, enencasa, necocekileyo.
Izinga lokuphola "liyi-crowning touch": Ukupholisa emva kokunyibilika akuyonto nje yokuyivumela ukuba iphole ngokungacwangciswanga. Ukulawula izinga lokuphola kubalulekile. Inkqubo yokuphola ecothayo nefanayo ikhuthaza iikristale ezinkulu, ezipheleleyo ze-corundum ezinemida ecacileyo yeenkozo. Iinkozo ezirhabaxa, ezingaguqukiyo zivelisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kuthintela iikristale ekukhuleni ngokupheleleyo kwaye kuvelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olugqithisileyo, ekugqibeleni kubeka emngciphekweni ubulukhuni kunye nokuqina. Yiyo loo nto ii-ingots zethu ezinkulu zifumana inkqubo yokuphola "ephekiweyo kancinci" - ayinakukhawuleziswa.
Inqanaba Lesithathu: Ukutyumza Nokuhlela—Umsebenzi Onzima, Ubuchule Bobugcisa, Ukugcina Isiseko
Amaqhuma amakhulu e-fusedi-alumina emhlophe exutyiweyosele inobunzima obucacileyo. Kodwa ukuba ukutyumza nokucubungula okulandelayo kwenziwa ngokungakhathali, “kunokuphazamisa imizamo yethu,” konakalisa imveliso yobunzima obuphezulu efunyenwe nzima.
Indlela yokutyumza ibalulekile: Ungaze uthathe iindlela ezimfutshane ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezinamandla okuchukumisa agqithisileyo abangela ukutyumza kakhulu. Sibeka phambili ii-crushers ezifana nee-double-roll crushers kunye nee-jaw crushers ezisebenzisa izenzo "zoxinzelelo" kunye "nokusika" ngokuthe ngcembe, zinciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe izinto ukusuka kwiziqwenga ezinkulu ukuya kubukhulu obufunekayo be-particle. Oku kwandisa ukugcinwa kwesakhiwo sekristale se-particles kwaye kunciphisa ukudalwa kwee-micro-cracks zangaphakathi. Ukuba ii-hammer crushers zisetyenziselwa i-activation enamandla, ii-particles ezininzi zinokubonakala ziphelele ngaphandle kodwa zonakaliswe kakhulu ngaphakathi. Ezi micro-powders ziya kuqhekeka phantsi koxinzelelo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, nto leyo eyenza ubulukhuni bazo be-macroscopic bungabi nantsingiselo.
Ukuchaneka kohlulo kubaluleke kakhulu: Ukuqina ekugqibeleni kubonakala ngamasuntswana ngamanye. Ukuba usasazo lobungakanani bamasuntswana lubanzi kakhulu—amasuntswana athile erhabaxa kakhulu kwaye amanye emancinci kakhulu—umsebenzisi uya kufumana iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo ngexesha lokuqhumisa isanti okanye ukwenza isikhunta. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla asetyenziswayo awalingani. Ke ngoko, ukuhlelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwe-hydraulic okanye i-pneumatic kubalulekile. Ukwahlula amasuntswana abe ngamanani amakhulu kuqinisekisa ubungakanani obufanayo bamasuntswana ngaphakathi kwebhetshi nganye. Oku kuvumela isuntswana ngalinye ukuba lithwale kwaye lidlulise amandla ngokulinganayo, okwandisa ubunzima bemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokusila. Kufana nomkhosi: amajoni anobude obufanayo namandla enza amandla amakhulu; umxube wobude kunye nokwakhiwa uba yimbumba engacwangciswanga.
Ukuphucula ubulukhuni be-alumina emhlophe exutywe yimveliso yindlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ukususela ekuthathweni kwezinto eziluhlaza ukuya ekuthunyelweni kokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye kufuneka lingabi nasiphako. Kuvavanya ingqibelelo yabavelisi bethu, umonde, kunye nobugcisa. Kwimarike yanamhlanje enokhuphiswano olukhulu, apho ukuqonda kwabathengi kukhula ngakumbi, ukuthembela kwiimveliso ezikumgangatho ophantsi okanye iimfazwe zamaxabiso kuya kukhokelela kuphela kwindlela encinci.
Kuphela ngokuhlala sigxile—ukuphucula izinto eziluhlaza ukuze zibe msulwa ngakumbi, ubuchule bokunyibilikisa isinyithi ngokugqibeleleyo, kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kokucubungula—iimveliso zethu ze-alumina ezimhlophe ezixutywe kakuhle zinokufumana ubunzima obungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa indawo yethu kwimarike ephezulu kwaye kufumane ixabiso elifaneleyo. Oku akusiyongxaki yobugcisa nje kuphela; yindlela eya ekusindeni nasekukhuleni kwabavelisi be-alumina emhlophe exutywe kakuhle.