Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, bendincokola nomhlobo wam sisela iti, waza wahleka wathi, “I-alumina enihlala niyiphanda, ayisiyonto nje yokwenza iikomityi zesamente kunye nephepha lokusila?” Oku kundishiye ndingakwazi kuthetha. Enyanisweni, emehlweni abantu abaqhelekileyo,umgubo we-aluminasisixhobo nje semizi-mveliso, kodwa kwisangqa sethu sobunjineli bezonyango, "siyinto efihlakeleyo yokwenza imisebenzi emininzi." Namhlanje, masithethe ngendlela le mpuphu emhlophe ebonakala iqhelekile engene ngayo ngokuzolileyo kwicandelo lezesayensi yobomi.
I. Ukuqala kwiKlinikhi ye-Orthopedic
Eyona nto yandichukumisa kakhulu yingqungquthela yamathambo endaya kuyo kunyaka ophelileyo. Unjingalwazi omdala unikezele ngedatha yokulandelela yeminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu malunga nokutshintshwa kwamalungu e-alumina ceramic artificial joints—enezinga lokusinda elingaphezulu kwama-95%, nto leyo eyabamangalisa bonke oogqirha abaselula ababekho. Kutheni kufuneka ukhethe i-alumina? Kukho isayensi eninzi emva kwayo. Okokuqala, ubunzima bayo buphezulu ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ukumelana kwayo nokuguguleka kunamandla kakhulu kunezixhobo zesinyithi zemveli. Amalungu ethu abantu anyamezela amawaka okungqubana imihla ngemihla. Iiprostheses zesinyithi zemveli kwiplastiki ziya kuvelisa inkunkuma yokuguguleka ngokuhamba kwexesha, okubangela ukudumba kunye nokufunxwa kwamathambo. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokuguguleka kwee-alumina ceramics lipesenti enye kuphela yezixhobo zemveli, into eguqukayo kwindlela yokusebenza kwezonyango.
Okungcono nangakumbi kukuba i-biocompatibility yayo iyasebenza. Ilebhu yethu yenze uvavanyo lokuphuhliswa kweeseli kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ii-osteoblasts zinamathela kwaye zanda ngcono kumphezulu we-alumina kunakweminye imiphezulu yesinyithi. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba, ngokwezonyango, ii-prostheses ze-alumina zidibana kakhulu nethambo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ayizizo zonke ezinyeumgubo we-aluminaingasetyenziswa. I-alumina yodidi lwezonyango ifuna ubumsulwa obungaphezulu kwe-99.9%, kunye nobukhulu bekristale obulawulwa kwinqanaba le-micron, kwaye kufuneka idlule kwinkqubo ekhethekileyo yokusila. Kufana nokupheka—ityuwa eqhelekileyo kunye netyuwa yolwandle zinokunika zombini izinongo zokutya, kodwa iivenkile zokutyela ezikumgangatho ophezulu zikhetha ityuwa evela kwimvelaphi ethile.
II. "Umgcini Ongabonakaliyo" kwi-Dentistry
Ukuba ubukhe waya kwikliniki yamazinyo yanamhlanje, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele udibene ne-alumina. Uninzi lwezithsaba ezidumileyo ezenziwe nge-alumina ceramic powder zenziwe ngomgubo we-alumina ceramic. Izithsaba zemveli zesinyithi-ceramic zineengxaki ezimbini: okokuqala, isinyithi sichaphazela ubuhle, kwaye umgca wentsini uthambekele ekubeni luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; okwesibini, abanye abantu bane-allergy kwisinyithi. Izithsaba ze-alumina ceramic straws zisombulula ezi ngxaki. Ukukhanya kwayo kufana kakhulu namazinyo endalo, kwaye ukubuyiselwa okubangelwayo kungokwemvelo kangangokuba noogqirha bamazinyo kufuneka bajonge ngokusondeleyo ukuze babone umahluko. Ingcali yamazinyo ephezulu endiyaziyo isebenzise umzekelo ofanelekileyo: “Umgubo we-alumina ceramic ufana nentlama—uthambile kakhulu kwaye unokubunjwa ube ziimo ezahlukeneyo; kodwa emva kokutsha, uba nzima njengelitye, uqine ngokwaneleyo ukuba uqhekeze ii-walnuts (nangona singacebisi ukuba wenze loo nto).” Okuthandwa ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje zizithsaba ze-alumina eziprintiweyo ze-3D. Ngokuskena kunye noyilo lwedijithali, ziprintwa ngokuthe ngqo kusetyenziswa i-alumina slurry, zifezekisa ukuchaneka kwamashumi ee-micrometer. Izigulana zinokufika kusasa zize zihambe neentloko zazo ngokuhlwa—into eyayingenakucingelwa kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.
III. "Ukuhamba ngokuchanekileyo" kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa iziyobisi
Uphando kweli candelo lunomdla kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba umgubo we-alumina unendawo ezininzi ezisebenzayo kumphezulu wawo, unokufunxa iimolekyuli zamayeza ezifana nemagnethi uze uzikhulule kancinci. Iqela lethu lenze iimvavanyo kusetyenziswa ii-microspheres ze-alumina ezineembobo ezigcwele amayeza okulwa nomhlaza. Uxinzelelo lwamayeza kwindawo yethumba lwaluphezulu ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu kuneendlela zemveli zokuhambisa amayeza, ngelixa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zenkqubo yenkqubo zincitshisiwe kakhulu. Umgaqo awunzima ukuwuqonda: ngokwenzaumgubo we-aluminaUkuba ingena kwi-nano- okanye kwi-micro-size particles kwaye iguqula umphezulu, inokunxulunyaniswa nee-target molecules, njengokunika iyeza inkqubo "yokuhamba nge-GPS" ukuze iye ngqo kwi-lesion. Ngaphezu koko, i-alumina ekugqibeleni iyabola ibe yi-aluminium ions emzimbeni, enokuthi i-metabolismwe ngumzimba kwiidosi eziqhelekileyo kwaye ayizukuqokelelana ixesha elide. Umntu osebenza naye ofunda unyango olujoliswe kumhlaza wesibindi undixelele ukuba basebenzise i-alumina nanoparticles ukuhambisa amayeza e-chemotherapy, okwandisa izinga lokuthintela i-tumor ngama-40% kwimodeli yegundane. "Isitshixo kukulawula ubungakanani be-particle; ii-nanometers ezili-100-200 zilungile—zincinci kakhulu kwaye zicocwa lula zizintso, zinkulu kakhulu kwaye azinakungena kwi-tumor tissue." Olu hlobo lweenkcukacha luphambili lophando.
IV. "Iiprobes ezibuthathaka" kwiBiosensors
I-Alumina ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxilongweni kwesifo kwangethuba. Umphezulu wayo ungatshintshwa ngokulula ngee-biomolecules ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngee-antibodies, ii-enzymes, kunye nee-DNA probes, ukwenza ii-biosensors ezinobuthathaka kakhulu. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-blood glucose meter zisebenzisa ii-sensor chips ezisekwe kwi-alumina. I-glucose egazini isabela nee-enzymes kwi-chip ukuvelisa isignali yombane, kwaye umaleko we-alumina uyandisa lo mqondiso, okwenza ukufunyanwa kuchaneke ngakumbi. Iindlela zesiqhelo zovavanyo zinokuba nezinga lempazamo le-15%, ngelixa ii-alumina sensors zinokugcina impazamo ngaphakathi kwe-5%, umahluko omkhulu kwizigulane ezinesifo seswekile. Okubaluleke ngakumbi zii-sensors ezifumanisa ii-biomarkers zomhlaza. Kunyaka ophelileyo, inqaku elikwi-*Biomaterials* libonise ukuba ukusebenzisa ii-alumina nanowire arrays ukufumanisa i-antigen ethile ye-prostate kubangele uvakalelo oluphezulu kakhulu kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukubona iimpawu zomhlaza kwinqanaba langaphambili.
V. “Inkxaso ye-scaffolding” kwi-Tissue Engineering
Ubunjineli bezicubu yingongoma eshushu kwi-biomedicine. Ngamafutshane, kubandakanya ukulima izicubu eziphilayo kwi-vitro uze uzifake emzimbeni. Omnye wemingeni emikhulu zizinto ze-scaffold - kufuneka zinike inkxaso kwiiseli ngaphandle kokubangela iziphumo ezinobungozi. Ii-scaffold ze-alumina ezineembobo zifumene indawo yazo apha. Ngokulawula iimeko zenkqubo, kunokwenzeka ukudala izakhiwo ezifana ne-alumina sponge ezine-porosity engaphezulu kwe-80%, ezinobukhulu beembobo ezifanelekileyo ukuba iiseli zikhule kuzo, okuvumela izondlo ukuba zihambe ngokukhululekileyo. Ilebhu yethu yazama ukusebenzisa ii-scaffold ze-alumina ukukhulisa izicubu zamathambo, kwaye iziphumo zaba zintle ngokungalindelekanga. Ii-Osteoblasts azizange zisinde kakuhle kuphela kodwa zikhuphe ne-matrix yamathambo amaninzi. Uhlalutyo lutyhile ukuba uburhabaxa obuncinci bomphezulu we-alumina ngokwenene bukhuthaze ukubonakaliswa komsebenzi weseli, nto leyo eyayingummangaliso omnandi.
VI. Imingeni kunye namathemba
Kakade ke, ukusetyenziswa kwei-aluminaKwicandelo lezonyango akukho mingeni. Okokuqala, kukho ingxaki yeendleko; inkqubo yokulungiselela i-alumina yenqanaba lezonyango iyinkimbinkimbi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibize kakhulu kune-alumina yezinga lemizi-mveliso. Okwesibini, idatha yokhuseleko yexesha elide isaqokelelwa. Nangona umbono wangoku unethemba, ubukhali besayensi bufuna ukujongwa rhoqo. Ukongeza, iziphumo zebhayoloji ze-nano-alumina zifuna uphando olunzulu ngakumbi. Izinto ezinje zineempawu ezizodwa, kwaye nokuba ezi ziluncedo okanye ziyingozi kuxhomekeke kwidatha eqinileyo yovavanyo. Nangona kunjalo, amathuba acacile. Amanye amaqela ngoku aphanda ngezinto ezikrelekrele ze-alumina - umzekelo, abathwali abakhupha amayeza kuphela kwixabiso elithile le-pH okanye phantsi kwesenzo see-enzyme, okanye izinto zokulungisa amathambo ezikhupha izinto zokukhula ngenxa yotshintsho loxinzelelo. Ukuphumelela kwezi ndawo kuya kutshintsha iindlela zonyango.
Emva kokuva konke oku, umhlobo wam wathi, “Andizange ndicinge ukuba kukho okuninzi kangaka kule mpuphu emhlophe.” Enyanisweni, ubuhle besayensi buhlala bufihliwe kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. Uhambo lwempuphu ye-alumina ukusuka kwiindawo zokusebenzela zoshishino ukuya kumagumbi okusebenza nakwiilebhu lubonisa ngokugqibeleleyo ubuhle bophando oludibanisa izifundo ezahlukeneyo. Izazinzulu zezinto, oogqirha, kunye neengcali zebhayoloji basebenzisana ukuphefumlela ubomi obutsha kwizinto zemveli. Le ntsebenziswano phakathi kwezifundo ezahlukeneyo yiyo kanye eqhuba inkqubela phambili kunyango lwanamhlanje.
Ngoko ke kwixesha elizayo xa ubonai-aluminium oxide imveliso, cinga ngale nto: isenokungabi sisitya se-ceramic okanye ivili lokusila nje kuphela; isenokuba kukuphucula impilo nobomi babantu ngokuthe cwaka ngandlela ithile, kwilebhu okanye esibhedlele ndaweni ithile. Inkqubela kwezonyango idla ngokwenzeka ngolu hlobo: kungekhona ngokuphumelela okukhulu, kodwa rhoqo ngezinto ezifana ne-aluminium oxide, ukufumana kancinci kancinci usetyenziso olutsha kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezisebenzayo ngokuthe cwaka. Esimele sikwenze kukugcina umdla nengqondo evulekileyo, kunye nokufumana amathuba angaqhelekanga kwizinto eziqhelekileyo.