Xa sithetha ngeenqwelo-moya, into efika engqondweni isenokuba ziirokethi ezinamandla, iijethi zokulwa ezibhabhayo, okanye oosomajukujuku abahamba esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa usenokungaqondi ukuba emva kwesi sixhobo siphambili, umgubo omncinci omdaka udlala indima ebalulekileyo –i-alumina emdaka exutyiweyoI-micro-powder. Eli gama lisenokuvakala lingenamsebenzi, kodwa ungalithathi kancinci. I-brown fused alumina luhlobo lwento esiyibiza ngokuba yi-"emery," enobunzima obulandela idayimani kuphela, kodwa ngexabiso elifikelelekayo. Kwiminyaka yangaphambili, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu ekugayeni isinyithi kumavili okugaya kunye nephepha lesandpaper, isebenza njengehashe elisebenzayo kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso. Kodwa le nto ilula kwaye ingenamsebenzi ngoku yenza igalelo elimangalisayo kwinqanaba "lobuchwephesha obuphezulu" lweenqwelo-moya.
Utshintsho Olumangalisayo Ukusuka kwi-"Grindstone" ukuya kwi-"Protective Shield"
Izinto zeenqwelo-moya zibeka phambili “ukukhanya” kunye “namandla.” Amaphiko kufuneka abe lula ukuze abhabhele phezulu nangakumbi; i-fuselage kufuneka ibe namandla ukuze imelane nokubanda kakhulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ukungqubana okukhulu xa kuphulwa umqobo wesandi, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu oboyikisayo ngaphakathi kwenjini. Oku kubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kumphezulu wezinto. Kulapho keumgubo omncinci we-alumina oxutywe ngombala omdakaifika. Iinjineli zifumanise ukuba ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokutshiza obukhawulezayo "ukutshixa ngokubandayo" le micro-powder kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neebhlade zeturbine kunye neendonga zegumbi lokutsha, zinokwenza "isikhuselo se-ceramic" esincinci kunezikhonkwane kodwa esomelele kakhulu. Nangona sincinci, esi sithintelo sokwandisa ubomi beebhlade ngamaxesha amaninzi phantsi kokuhluzwa kwegesi yobushushu obuphezulu obuyi-1600-degree Celsius. "Kufana nokunika intliziyo yenjini 'ivesti engenazimbumbulu'," unjineli onamava osebenze kumzi-mveliso weenjini iminyaka engamashumi amabini ucacisile. "Ngaphambili, iibhlade kwakufuneka zitshintshwe emva kwexesha elithile lokusetyenziswa, kodwa ngoku zinokuhlala ixesha elide, ngokwendalo ziphucula ukuthembeka nokusebenza kakuhle kwenqwelo-moya."
Izicelo Ezifumaneka Kuzo Zonke Iindawo, Ukusuka Esibhakabhakeni Ukuya Emhlabeni
Amandla e-brown fused alumina micro-powder adlula kakhulu ii-injini kuphela.
Masiqale ngeenqwelo-moya. Iinqwelo-moya zanamhlanje kunye neenqwelo-moya zokulwa zisebenzisa kakhulu izinto ezidityanisiweyo, ezifana ne-carbon fiber. Le nto ilula kwaye inamandla, kodwa ineengxaki: iindawo apho izinto ezahlukeneyo zidityaniswe khona zinokwahlulwahlulwa. Isisombululo? Ngaphambi kokubopha, iindawo ezidibeneyo "zirhabaxa" kusetyenziswa i-slurry enomoya oshushu ophezulu equlethe i-alumina micro-powder emdaka exutywe kakuhle. Oku akupheleli nje ekurhabaxeni; kudala amanqaku amaninzi e-anchor kwinqanaba le-microscopic, okuvumela i-adhesive ukuba "ibambe" ngokuqinileyo. Olu nyango luphucula ukumelana nokudinwa konxibelelwano phakathi kwephiko ne-fuselage ngaphezulu kwe-30%.
Ngoku cinga ngenqwelo-moya. Xa iirokethi zidlula emoyeni, i-nose cone kunye nemiphetho ekhokelayo yamaphiko zidlula kwisilingo "sokutshatyalaliswa ngomlilo." Apha, i-brown fused alumina micro-powder ibonakalisa ukubaluleka kwayo ngenye indlela - isetyenziswa njenge-core reinforcement particle ekulungiseleleni ii-anti-oxidation coatings. Ukuyifaka kwii-ceramic coatings ezikhethekileyo kunye nokuyitshiza phezu kwezinto ezimelana nobushushu, le filimu yenza umaleko we-oxide exineneyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ithintela ngempumelelo ukungena kwe-oxygen okulandelayo kwaye ikhusele izinto zangaphakathi kwi-ablation. Ngaphandle kwayo, ii-spacecraft ezininzi eziphinda zingene emoyeni zisenokungaqatshelwa.
Ubukho bayo bunokufumaneka nakwiisathelayithi nakwizikhululo zasemoyeni. Iibheringi kunye neendawo ezihambayo zezinye izixhobo ezichanekileyo kufuneka zigcine ukusebenza okuthembekileyo ixesha elide kwindawo engenamoya kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu esithuba. Iibheringi zeseramikhi ezicoliweyo kakuhle nge-alumina micro-powder emdaka exutywe ne-brown zinomlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu wokungqubana kwaye azivelisi phantse inkunkuma egugileyo, nto leyo "eqinisekisa" ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwezi zinto kangangeminyaka elishumi okanye engamashumi amabini ekujikelezeni.
"Izinto Ezindala" Zihlangabezana Neengxaki "Zobulumko Obutsha"
Kakade ke, ukusebenzisa le “mpahla indala” kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu zeenqwelo-moya akulula njengokuzisa izinto ezirhabaxa ezivela kumzi-mveliso. Zininzi izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanyekayo.
Eyona ngxaki inkulu “kukucoceka” kunye “nokufana.” I-alumina micro-powder emdaka edibeneyo efunekayoizicelo zeenqwelo-moyakufuneka icoceke kakhulu, ingabi nakungcola konke konke, kuba nayiphi na into engafunekiyo inokuba yindawo yokuqala yokuqhekeka phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, ubungakanani besuntswana kunye nokuma kufuneka kufane kakhulu; kungenjalo, ugqubuthelo luya kuba namachaphaza abuthathaka. “Oku kufana nokwenza ikhekhe ephezulu; awudingi nje kuphela izithako ezilungileyo, kodwa umgubo kufuneka uhluzwe kakuhle kwaye ngokulinganayo,” utshilo injineli yokulawula umgangatho wezinto. “Inkqubo yethu yokucoca nokucoca ingqongqo ngakumbi kuneemfuno zekhitshi lehotele elineenkwenkwezi ezintlanu.”
Ngaphezu koko, indlela "yokufaka" le mpuphu kwiindawo zayo nayo yisayensi entsonkothileyo. Eyona teknoloji iphambili okwangoku kukutshiza ngelangatye elinamandla, okuvumela amasuntswana e-micro-powder ukuba achaphazele i-substrate ngesantya sesandi esiphindwe kaninzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqineni okuqinileyo kunye nokuqina kombala.
Ikamva lesibhakabhaka lifuna olu hlobo “lwamandla.”
Njengoko iteknoloji yeenqwelo-moya ihambela phambili ukuya kwimida ephezulu, ekhawulezayo, nekude, iimfuno zezinto ziya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Iinqwelo-moya ezisebenzisa i-hypersonic, i-spacecraft ephinda isetyenziswe, ii-space probes ezinzulu… zonke ezi nkwenkwezi zexesha elizayo zixhomekeke kukhuseleko olugqithisileyo.
Uphuhliso lweumgubo omncinci we-corundum omdakaikwaya kwicala elikrelekrele ngakumbi nelidibeneyo. Umzekelo, izazinzulu zizama "ukuyixuba" nezinye izinto, okanye ukuyidibanisa nezinto ezintsha ezifana negraphene. Injongo ayikokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kuphela, kodwa kukwakukwazi ukubona umonakalo ngokukrelekrele kwanokuzilungisa ngokwazo kumaqondo obushushu athile. Isizukulwana esilandelayo seenjini ze-aero kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ubushushu beenqwelo-moya ziya kusebenzisa olu hlobo lwengubo eqinisiweyo "ekrelekrele".
Ibali le-brown corundum micro-powder liyi-microcosm yezinto ezininzi zoshishino zaseTshayina: ezidalwe zimvelaphi ephantsi, kodwa zifumana indima engenakutshintshwa ngokuphuculwa kwezobuchwepheshe okuqhubekayo. Isenokungabi nomtsalane njenge-titanium alloys, okanye ibe yimfashini njenge-carbon fiber, kodwa yile "mandla" athuleyo, angasemva kwemiboniso axhasa amaphupha oluntu okubhabha, ukugqobhoza esibhakabhakeni nokubhabha aye kwiindawo ezikude zesithuba esinzulu.
Xa sijonga isibhakabhaka esineenkwenkwezi size sivuyele ukuqaliswa kwayo yonke into ngempumelelo, mhlawumbi singakhumbula ukuba phantsi kolo kukhanya kwesinyithi okukhazimlayo, kukho amasuntswana amancinci aqinileyo amdaka akhanya ngokuzolileyo amandla awo abalulekileyo.